Michael J. Pfeifer, “Lynching and Criminal Justice in Regional Context: Iowa, Wyoming, and Louisiana, 1878–1946” (Ph.D. Diss., University of Iowa, 1998).

For writings by which the antilynching motion documented and systematically analyzed US mob violence, see Ida B. Wells, Southern Horrors and Other Writings:…

… The Anti-lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900, ed. Jacqueline Jones Royster (Boston, 1997); nationwide Association when it comes to development of Colored People, Thirty several years of Lynching in the usa, 1889–1918 (1919; nyc, 1969); Arthur F. Raper, The Tragedy of Lynching (Chapel Hill, 1933); and Walter White, Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch (1929; Notre Dame, 2001). Ida B. Wells along with her m.soulcams campaign against lynching have actually spawned scholarship that is prolific modern times. See, as an example, Paula J. Giddings, Ida: A Sword among Lions; Ida B. Wells additionally the Campaign against Lynching (nyc, 2009); James western Davidson, “They Say”: Ida B. Wells in addition to Reconstruction of Race (ny, 2008); Patricia A. Schechter, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and United states Reform, 1880–1930 (Chapel Hill, 2000); and Angela D. Sims, Ethical problems of Lynching: Ida B. Wells’s Interrogation of United states Terror (ny, 2010). For early twentieth-century social technology research on lynching, see James Elbert Cutler, Lynch Law: a study in to the reputation for Lynching in the us (1905; nyc, 1969); Paul Walton Black, “Lynchings in Iowa, ” Iowa Journal of History and Politics, 10 (April 1912), 187–99; Paul Walton Ebony, “Attempted Lynchings in Iowa, ” Annals of Iowa, 11 (Jan. 1914), 260–85; Genevieve Yost, “History of Lynchings in Kansas, ” Kansas Historical Quarterly, 2 (might 1933), 182–219; John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town ( New Haven, 1938); and Frank Shay, Judge Lynch: their First 100 years (ny, 1938). Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology for the United states Frontier, 1600–1860 (Middletown, 1973); Richard Maxwell Brown, Strain of Violence: historic Studies of United states Violence and Vigilantism (ny, 1975); H. John Rosenbaum and Peter C. Sederberg, Vigilante Politics (Philadelphia, 1976). C. Vann Woodward, Origins associated with the brand brand New Southern, 1877–1913 (Baton Rouge, 1951). From the neglect of lynching in southern scholarship that is historical the late 20th century as well as on the awakening of general public fascination with mob physical physical violence in current years, see W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “Conclusion: Reflections on Lynching Scholarship, ” in Lynching Reconsidered: New Perspectives into the learn of Mob Violence, ed. William D. Carrigan (nyc, 2008), 205–18, esp. 213.

Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt against Chivalry: Jesse Daniel Ames plus the ladies’ Campaign against Lynching (1979; nyc, 1993), xx–xxi. See additionally Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, “‘The Mind That Burns in Each Body’: ladies, Rape, and Racial Violence, ” in Powers of want: The Politics of sex, ed. Ann Barr Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson (ny, 1983), 328–49. Robert L. Zangrando, The naacp Crusade against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Philadelphia, 1980), 18. James R. McGovern, Anatomy of the Lynching: The Killing of Claude Neal (Baton Rouge, 1982); Howard Smead, Blood Justice: The Lynching of Mack Charles Parker (nyc, 1986). No Crooked Death: Coatesville, Pennsylvania and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker (Urbana, 1991); and Dennis B. Downey and Raymond M. Hyser, Coatesville and the Lynching of Zachariah Walker: Death in a Pennsylvania Steel Town (Charleston, 2011) for a case study of a northern lynching, see Dennis B. Downey and Raymond M. Hyser. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations into the United states South since Emancipation (nyc, 1984), 306–10. The National Conscience, and the American Historian, ” ibid., 1221–53; and “Referees’ Reports: Edward L. Ayers, David W. Blight, George M. Frederickson, Robin D. G. Kelley, David Levering Lewis, and Steven M. Stowe, ” ibid., 1254–67 for profound generational shifts in southern historiography, especially in approaches to violence, gender, and race, see David Thelen, “What We See and Can’t See in the Past: An Introduction, ” Journal of American History, 83 (March 1997), 1217–20; Joel Williamson, “Wounds Not Scars: Lynching. Trudier Harris, Exorcising Blackness: Historical and lynching that is literary Burning Rituals (Bloomington, 1984). For the next interpretation of lynching, emphasizing competition and ritual, see Orlando Patterson, Rituals of Blood: The effects of Slavery in Two US Centuries (nyc, 1998), 169–231.

George C. Wright, Racial Violence in Kentucky, 1865–1940: Lynchings, Mob Rule, and “Legal Lynchings” (Baton Rouge, 1990), 8–9, 11–13, 251. W. Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching into the brand brand New Southern: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 (Urbana, 1993), 15. See additionally W. Fitzhugh Brundage, ed., Under Sentence of Death: Lynching in the Southern (Chapel Hill, 1997). Edward L. Ayers, The Promise associated with the brand brand New Southern: Life after Reconstruction (nyc, 1992), 156–57, 495–96n69. On white mob violence within the context associated with experience of African Americans when you look at the Jim Crow Southern, see Leon Litwack, difficulty in your mind: Ebony Southerners into the chronilogical age of Jim Crow (ny, 1999). Stewart E. Tolnay and E. M. Beck, A Festival of Violence: a review of Southern Lynchings, 1882–1930 (Urbana, 1995), 99–100, 256–57.

For a work that incorporates examination of nonsouthern regions and a short but discussion that is suggestive of violence ahead of the Civil War, see Philip Dray, In the Hands of Persons Unknown: The Lynching of Ebony America (ny, 2002). Michael J. Pfeifer, harsh Justice: Lynching and United states Society, 1878–1946 (Urbana, 2004). On lynching plus the death penalty in postbellum Tennessee and Florida, see Margaret Vandiver, Lethal Punishment: Lynchings and Legal Executions into the Southern ( brand New Brunswick, 2006). On lynching within the Midwest plus the western and its particular relationship to lynching that is southern see Michael J. Pfeifer, “Introduction, ” in Lynching beyond Dixie: United states Mob Violence away from Southern, ed. Michael J. Pfeifer (Urbana, 2013), 1–12. For the cross-regional analysis of mob physical physical violence and money punishment in U.S. History, see Howard W. Allen, Jerome M. Clubb, and Vincent A. Lacey, Race, Class, while the Death Penalty: Capital Punishment in United states History (Albany, 2008).

William D. Carrigan, The generating of the Lynching society: Violence and Vigilantism in Central Texas, 1836–1916 (Urbana, 2004), 12–15. Michael J. Pfeifer, The Roots of harsh Justice: Origins of American Lynching (Urbana, 2011). For social analysis of authorities torture of African People in america within the mid-twentieth-century South, see Silvan Niedermeier, “Violence, Visibility, therefore the Investigation of Police Torture when you look at the United states South, 1940–1955, ” in Violence and Visibility in Modern History, ed. Jurgen Martschukat and Silvan Niedermeier (ny, 2013), 91–92.

Probably the most accurate count available is the fact that almost 2,500 African Us americans were murdered by lynch mobs from 1882 through 1930 in Mississippi, Georgia, Louisiana, Alabama, sc, Florida, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, and vermont.

See Tolnay and Beck, Festival of Violence, ix. This tally excludes six states that have been wholly or partly southern inside their historic development. Tuskegee Institute information enumerates an overall total of 793 lynching victims between 1882 and 1968 in 6 states in the southern periphery: Virginia, western Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Texas. See Zagrando, naacp Crusade against Lynching, 4. Ken Gonzales-Day, Lynching within the western: 1850–1935 (Durham, N.C., 2006).